A survey of 15,278 congregations in 80 Christian, Muslim, Jewish and Ba'hai denominations found that large congregations continued to grow.

In contrast, smaller congregations shrank in 2020, according to the Hartford Institute for Religion Research study.

"When you consider that many of those smaller congregations are rapidly ageing, unless something dramatic happens that brings young people into them, it's likely 30% of them won't survive the next 20 years," said Hartford Institute Director Scott Thumma, who led the study.

Mr Thumma said the pandemic was likely to have accelerated the ongoing trends identified in the study.

"The church itself is getting smaller and smaller. The average church is attended by 65 people, which is enough to fund a full-time minister and influence society and the community. It's not money," he said.

Hartford received a $ 5.3 million Lily Fund grant to study the impact of a pandemic on the congregation over the next five years.

Thumma pointed out various factors in the future, such as the ageing of church members nationwide. The average age of members is in their 60s. COVID-19 also reduces volunteer opportunities and limits direct attendance.

Hartford's data complement religious landscape surveys that have been conducted by the Pew Forum. That survey shows US religious observance and affiliation has been steadily declining with each new generation.

Pew asks individual adults to report their religious identity and participation. In contrast, the Hartford study asks congregations themselves to distribute a questionnaire and report their average weekly attendance.

Mr Thumma said the Hartford method offers a broader picture of institutional decline across all US religious congregations. "The largest congregations contain [the] most attendees," he said. "The majority of congregations are small, poor in technology and have relatively few people in them."

Researchers conducted a survey through self-reported questionnaires sent by each religious group to their congregation. They were collected, and returned to the institute for aggregation. This year's survey included more than 1,000 new congregations, but researchers said the study covered only monotheism.

Sources

• Washington Times
• New York Latest News

The survey of 2,973 adults conducted this summer found people who say they are atheist, agnostic or "nothing in particular" grew by almost 5 percentage points since 2007, from 15.3 percent to 19.6 percent of the population.

The greatest shift toward "nothing in particular" apparently came from Protestants, who now make up 48 percent of the population, compared to 53 percent in 2007, the telephone study found.

"These are not necessarily nonbelievers," said Greg Smith, senior researcher for the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, at an Oct. 9 discussion on the study hosted by "Religion & Ethics Newsweekly," a PBS TV show. "They're just not associated with any faith in particular."

The religiously unaffiliated tend to be younger than the general public, the survey showed, with 35 percent between ages 18 and 29, and 37 percent ages 30-49. Of the general public, about 22 percent are between 18 and 29, and 35 percent between 30 and 49.

Kim Lawton, managing editor for "Religion & Ethics Newsweekly," said although the study shows that the vast majority of Americans still are affiliated with a faith, the report stands out for the rapid growth it shows in the unaffiliated segment. The program planned a three-week series on the study starting Oct. 12.

The study found declines since 2007 of 1 percent among those who say they are Catholic, 3 percent among white mainline churches, 2 percent among white evangelical churches and no change among black Protestants, Mormons or Orthodox. Those who said they identify with "another faith" grew over the five-year period, from 4 percent to 6 percent of the survey.

Only 2.4 percent of the unaffiliated category described themselves as atheist, and just 3.3 percent said they are agnostic. The majority in the category — 13.9 percent of the total survey — described themselves as nothing in particular.

Smith said the majority of those in the unaffiliated category say they believe in God and think of themselves as religious or spiritual. They are less likely to pray than the general public (58 percent pray daily and 21 percent do so weekly/monthly), but 42 percent of the unaffiliated category said they pray somewhat regularly (21 percent daily and 20 percent weekly/monthly).

Nor are the unaffiliated necessarily hostile toward religious institutions, Smith noted. But they're not searching for a religious home, either, he added. He said the growth in the number may in part be attributed to a societal change that has reduced the potential stigma of not belonging to any faith institution.

The survey report said that over the four-year study period, the self-reported level of attendance at religious services has changed relatively modestly, from 38 percent in 2007 to 37 percent in 2012 who say they attend services weekly. Twenty-seven percent in 2007 said they seldom or never attend services and 29 percent said so this year.

The study asked both the unaffiliated and those who said belong to a particular faith why they don't attend religious services more often. Among unaffiliated people, the most frequent answers related to disagreements with the church, such as: "don't agree with religion," "it's not necessary to attend church," or "my church isn't strict enough."

Sources

• Catholic News Service
• Pew Forum
• USA Today
• New York Times (Blog)
• Image: New York Times