In rural parts of the West African country, the number of young people participating in Sunday Mass has plummeted and continues to fall as many of them turn to paganism.

Father Vitalis Anaehobi serves in the region and said that most of the young people he has spoken to are grieved by "difficulties in life" such as poverty, unemployment, and "the failure by the Church to protect them" as attacks against Christians continue in the country where religious-based persecution is one of the highest in the world.

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"Rome is pagan," Pope Francis told members of the Roman clergy during a closed-door meeting January 14, when he urged them to consider the city a mission territory.

Asked about the pope's surprising words a few weeks later, the head of the department for catechesis of the Diocese of Rome, the Rev. Andrea Camillini, admitted:

"Rome is at the same time pagan and the city of the pope: It's a paradoxical city."

Fewer Catholics

The number of practicing Catholics in Italy has plummeted after the COVID-19 lockdowns to an all-time low.

The Italian National Institute of Statistics found that only 19 percent of Italians were practicing Catholics in 2022, compared with 36 percent in the previous 10 years.

The number of people who "never practice" their faith has doubled to 31 percent in the historically Catholic country.

Practising paganism

While the church grapples with the causes behind the emptying pews, some who have left their Catholic faith behind are searching for other spiritual outlets.

An eclectic group of Romans who gathered near the ancient Forum on a windy morning on February 10 have turned to Juno, Jupiter and Apollo to find answers.

"I was a practising Christian Catholic for many years. I was a catechist," Luca Fizzarotti (pictured, centre pouring water), who recently started attending the ancient Roman rituals, told Religion News Service.

"Then I had a spiritual crisis when I moved in with my wife. I had a very bad experience and had to leave my church," he said.

A computer programmer, Fizzarotti fell in love with a woman who believes in Kemetic Orthodoxy, based on the ancient Egyptian religious faith.

"In the beginning I could not really understand this, then as I slowly learned about the pagan community, I found a way to live out my spirituality," he said.

Paganism — though sometimes used as a derogatory shorthand for anyone who does not worship the Abrahamic god of Judaism, Islam and Christianity — is an umbrella term.

It encompasses a number of religious traditions, many of them polytheistic.

Ancient Romans worshipped a pantheon of gods, mainly Jupiter, Juno, Apollo and Minerva, through rituals and observations with activities than included animal sacrifice and temple worship.

Fizzarotti was among a dozen people who gathered for the early February ritual, organised by the Communitas Populi Romani.

Neo-paganism - a growing trend

Communitas is a community started in 2013 by a group of young enthusiasts of Roman history, culture and religion.

In the beginning, the group focused on reenactments and history, but it slowly shifted toward becoming an officially recognised religious group.

There are 20 or so members, said Donatella Ertola.

She joined the group in 2015 and now organises meetings three or four times a month in the places that are closest to the original temples spread across Rome.

"We all believe in the gods, we make rituals at home, we have devotion temples at home, we have our priests and officiants," she told RNS, adding that this is a "niche community that has been growing recently."

Communitas is hardly the only Roman religion organisation in Rome or Italy. Groups like Pietas in Rome have larger memberships and even their own temples.

According to a 2017 study by the Center for Studies on New Religions in Turin, the number of neo-pagans in Italy has grown to more than 230,000 people, a 143 percent increase over 10 years.

In the United States there are 1.5 million pagans, according to a 2018 Pew Research Center survey, a significant increase compared with 134,000 in 2001.

The draw of the Roman religion is clear for many modern-day Italians, who view it as a way to reconnect with their ancient roots.

Fascination with ancient Rome has also become a worldwide phenomenon.

A social media trend last year found a staggering and surprising number of people — especially men — think about the ancient Roman Empire at least once a day.

"I was looking for something that monotheism didn't give me," said Antony Meloni, an airport construction worker. "I found in polytheism a new strength," he added.

Recreating pagan rituals

There is no religious text in the Roman religion, meaning faithful today must rely on what was written by people of the time.

Communitas attempts to re-create the ancient rituals, without any human or animal sacrifice, of course, using ancient texts.

The group gathered on February 10 to celebrate Juno Sospita, or Juno the Savior, whose temple once stood a few steps away, where the Church of St. Nickolas in Chains is located today.

The original columns are still visible. She is usually shown as a warrior, lance in hand, and covered with goat skins and historically celebrated in February, considered a month of purification by the Romans, as winter turned to spring.

They follow the description of a ritual offered by Cato the Elder in the "De Agricultura."

It starts off with an offering to the local "genus," or spirit, followed by ablutions with water and incense.

During the central part of the ceremony, the "Favete Linguis," faithful are asked to "hold their tongues" and quiet their minds.

Amid the chaos of Roman traffic and the occasional bark of their mascot — the dog Poldo, who has two different-colored eyes — the group shouted prayers in Latin.

Two nuns, dressed in black, looked over suspiciously. Wearing a white veil, the officiant May Rega, scoffed with annoyance.

Rega was an active member of her church in Naples and sang in the choir, but she also drifted away from Catholicism due to ruptures with the church and its congregants.

As an archaeologist, she loves how specific and detailed Roman religion is, forcing one to check sources, follow the ritual precisely, with no mistakes and with the appropriate citations.

She had carefully put together the flowers, scones and almond milk — because she could not find goat's milk — for the ceremony.

She says she was annoyed when her boyfriend and concelebrant, Daniele Pieri, interrupted the ritual, forcing them to start over.

"When I met her, she said, ‘I am pagan and vegan,' and I thought ‘Great! I am coeliac!'" said Pieri, who works as a sound technician.

Pieri left the Catholic Church after the parish priest insisted he could not be harmed by receiving Communion despite being coeliac.

He said he still has an admiration for Jesus: "If Jesus had prayed to Jupiter, he would have been even cooler."

For Pieri, Roman religion is a question of identity.

"I love this city. I was born in this city, and I want to die in this city," he said.

"When I began to study Roman history and these cults, I found my roots. This is where I come from. This is who I am."

Taking turns, the members of the Communitas made their personal offering to the goddess.

Membership open

Unlike other pagan communities in Rome, the Communitas group doesn't have any initiation rite, and everyone is welcome to join.

"The Roman religion is not about saying these are my gods, and there are no others," Pieri explained.

Chiara Aliboni is a student of history, anthropology and religions from a "very Catholic family" in Perugia was also attending the ceremony.

She said she had her conversion to Orthodox Kemetism when she learned about the ancient Egyptians.

"I thought, if I am to follow any religion, it's this one," she said. While hesitant at first, she found in the Communitas a welcoming home for her beliefs.

Fizzarotti was also pleasantly surprised by the openness of this religion compared with his experiences in the Catholic Church.

"I am drawing closer to this community. I am finding many answers that I have been searching for for years," he said after the rite was completed, and the group reveled in wine and an improvised banquet.

"I am feeling emotional. I deeply felt today's ritual. It was truly beautiful," he added.

The group members gathered their things, leaving nothing behind but the lingering scent of incense.

They spoke of plans for creating a temple one day just outside Rome and of upcoming gatherings with other pagan groups. Their faith, believed to have been long lost, is still very much alive, they said.

For Camillini, as the number of Catholics dwindles in the Eternal City, he has had to face reality.

"It's time to give up the delusion of omnipotence, of evangelising Rome, and abandon the idea of making Rome into a Christian city. It's no longer our objective and it never was," he said.

• First published in Religion News Service
• Claire Giangravé is an author at Religion News Service.

A European bishop was visiting Tokyo, and the then-young priest was assigned to be his tour guide for a day.

In the morning, they went to the Ginza shopping district and spent time exploring department stores.

The bishop was impressed at how up-to-date everything seemed and praised Japan for its embrace of Western modernity.

In the afternoon, they visited Tokyo's oldest Buddhist temple, Senso-ji, which dates back to 645 A.D., though the present buildings are replacements of those that burned down in World War II bombing raids that destroyed most of Tokyo.

The temple, more commonly known as Asakusa Kannon, is one of the most-visited spiritual sites in the world, with some 30 million people coming each year.

Most of them are probably tourists, and when I take visitors there, I get the impression that most of those tourists are Chinese.

The bishop's response to what he saw was critical of the temple, its devotees (few, if any, tourists back then) and what went on there, saying it was all paganism and demon worship.

The priest replied, "This morning, I took you to the temples of Mammon, and you praised them. Now, I've taken you to a place where my people have come for centuries for spiritual reasons, and you call it evil!"

That one sentence epitomizes why the church can be, must be and is engaged in exploring the meaning of religious pluralism for the mission of Christianity today.

Many years later, when I was reassigned to Japan after more than a decade away, I asked a friend, a Japanese layman who had studied theology, if he had any advice for me now that I was back in Japan.

"Yeah. Don't get into religious archeology."

I asked what he meant, and he explained that in response to the new emphasis on interreligious sharing, increasing numbers of Christians in Japan, including foreign missionaries, study Buddhism and engage in Christianized Zen meditation. Continue reading

• Father William Grimm, MM, is publisher of ucanews.com and is based in Tokyo.

Satanic New Zealand has launched a "Soles for Satan" Givealittle page to "buy new socks, hats, and warm clothing for homeless shelters and children living in poverty".

Co-founder Frankie Astro Seven Vegas said the group aimed to challenge religious authority while encouraging public good.

"We're not in any way anti-Christian, we're just pro-Satan," the Dunedin resident said. Continue reading

Speaking to Die Tagespost on June 6, Cardinal Gerhard Müller rejected placing "any so-called lived realities" on the same level as Scripture and tradition.

This is "nothing more than the introduction of subjectivism and arbitrariness, wrapped up in sentimental and smug religious terminology", he said.

The cardinal's comments have been seen as a criticism of a "shadow council" held recently in Rome involving some bishops, theologians and priests.

This event, held at the Pontifical Gregorian University on May 25, discussed how the Church could adapt its pastoral approach to lived experiences, especially regarding sexual ethics.

German Bishop Franz-Josef Bode, who was at the event, reportedly said that the "lived realities" of people should be a source of information for dogmatic and moral truths.

But Cardinal Müller stressed that these "lived realities" can sometimes be very pagan.

The cardinal said the faith cannot be the result of a compromise between acceptable Christian ideas, abstract principles and the practice of a pagan lifestyle.

Speaking of the Gregorian meeting, Cardinal Müller said it is right to exchange information on any point or major issue.

But he added that one cannot organise the truth.

If this principle were to be adopted and taken as true by the Church, leading her to take her cue from public opinion, then the Church would be "shaken to her foundations", he said.

The Catholic Church is mother and teacher of all churches, he said, one that teaches and is not taught.

"She does not need anybody - as superior and as adapted to our times he might think he is - to teach her a notion of the right faith, because in her, the apostolic tradition has been faithfully safeguarded and always will be preserved."

He added that Rome will strengthen bishops' freedom and responsibility, according to a National Catholic Register report.

But this will be threatened by "nostalgias for national churches and by the haggling over social acceptance", the cardinal said.

Sources

• National Catholic Register
• Image: Lifesitenews

However, in recent weeks there has been a sort of revival of this ancient ritual among some villagers in Tongatapu, and even church people have been involved.

It is so serious that last week the police were called on to investigate.

The practice, which is a form of witchcraft, has been used to defame relatives and "enemies" of the practitioners.

Wizard boards, cards, palm reading, etc. have been forms used to communicate voices from the nether world.

Source