Christchurch's latest emissions report estimated cruise ships produced the equivalent of 2 percent of the city's total gross emissions in the 2023 financial year.

Although they were calculated in the report, they were not included in the total gross emission or net emissions.

Climate Liberation Aotearoa spokesperson Michael Apathy addressed councillors at a meeting on Wednesday, calling for that to change. Read more

Coming after a two-year hiatus due to the pandemic and border closures, it was undoubtedly a momentous occasion.

But it's also an opportunity to examine the environmental and economic impacts of these massive ships and to ask how welcome they really are.

Criticism of the cruise industry is not new, and there have been calls for global monitoring and effective legislation because of its impact on environmental and human health.

Climate change has only amplified this.

Individual cruise liners emit more CO2 than any other kind of ship. Per passenger mile, they produce at least twice the CO2 emissions of a long-haul flight.

A single ship can use up to 150 tonnes of low-grade heavy fuel oil (HFO) every day of its voyage. Combusted in a ship's huge engines, this produces particulate matter (PM) - microscopic particles that can be inhaled and lodge in lung tissue or be carried in a bloodstream.

PM is linked to various environmental harms and health problems, including reduced lung function and worsening asthma and heart disease.

A single cruise ship can produce the same daily PM emissions as a million cars, with the global cruise fleet producing the emission equivalent of 323 million cars (but with a passenger capacity of only about 581,200single-occupancy cars).

Environmental impact

And it's not just the oceans the ships cross or the ports where the vessels dock that are affected. A recent study found that standing on the deck of a cruise ship exposed passengers to air quality equivalent to a city like Beijing.

Cruise ship fuel also contains sulphur. When combusted, it creates sulphur oxide, a direct contributor to smog at ground level, acid rain at the atmospheric level, and a host of health impacts for those who breathe in the pollutant.

Pressure from environmentalists and modern technology eventually led to the installation of "scrubbers" on cruise liner smokestacks which remove most sulphur from the ship's exhaust.

However, some or all of the collected sulphur is often later disposed of into the ocean, potentially harming reefs and marine life and contributing to ocean acidification.

Cruise ships are also allowed to dump untreated sewage and heavily contaminated grey water. Billions of litres of this wastewater is discharged into the oceans each year.

Industry under scrutiny

There will always be the argument that fuel can be made cleaner, engines more efficient, or older ships replaced with battery and solar-powered vessels. However, even moderate attempts at curbing ship emissions have reportedly been opposed by industry lobbyists.

Meanwhile, the ability to re-flag a vessel to countries with lower environmental standards, access to an abundance of cheap fuel, and the cost of replacing a single ship (upwards of NZ$2.6 billion) all mean the current fleet is probably around for some time.

Environmental impact isn't the only reason the cruise industry has come under scrutiny in the past. It has been cited for poor labour practices, including low wages and bad conditions, and contributing to over-tourism.

But despite having been responsible for higher rates of disease transmission at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the industry appears to be bouncing back after reducing vaccination requirements for passengers.

Economic doubts

The common argument, particularly in the case of a port city like Auckland, is that cruise ships bring valuable tourist dollars to a struggling CBD. But past studies of tourist spending behaviour show cruise tourists contribute little to local economies.

Cruise ships typically spend between five and nine hours in a port, giving tourists little time to shop or dine. Rather, they are often whisked away by bus to major tourist destinations.

They don't hire hotel rooms or eat at restaurants.

According to the NZ Cruise Association, 321,590 tourists spent around $368 million nationwide (about $1,144 each) during the last pre-pandemic season from 2018 to 2019.

Overall, cruise passengers contributed about 2% of the total $17.5 billion spent that season by international tourists.

Beginning in October, the cruise season will kick into high gear, with ships arriving in Auckland every few days.

Given the significant questions around their environmental and health impacts and their relatively small contribution to the economy, are lavish welcomes like what we saw earlier this month really justified?

• Timothy Welch is a Senior Lecturer in Urban Planning, University of Auckland.
• First published in The Conversation. Republished with permission.

The two of them had been on a cruise to celebrate their anniversary, he told Badeaux, and it was during dinner one evening that they spotted the priest. They'd asked him to join them, and in introducing themselves, they shared that the wife was dying. The cruise was an item they were crossing off her "bucket list."

Later in the cruise, they met the priest again — when they called him to their cabin because the wife was near death. And that was what the widower wanted Badeaux to know.

"He called and told me it was beautiful that her faith was there for her," Badeaux recalled.

"Her faith was there for her in the middle of the ocean."

As secretary general of Apostleship of the Sea USA, it is Badeaux's job to ensure that cruise passengers' and crewmembers' faith is there for them while at sea. The "Cruise Ship Priest Program" screens and vets potential cruise-ship chaplains and works with partner cruise lines to place a Catholic chaplain on their ships. (AOS-USA is not to be confused with the Vatican's Apostleship of the Sea, which falls under the auspices of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants, Refugees and Travelers.)

Cruise chaplains are quick to point out that they are continuing the missionary work of the early Church.

"It's a great thing the passengers can get a Mass — but they're generally going to be home in 11 days," points out Father Sinclair Oubre. The diocesan director for Apostleship of the Sea for the Diocese of Beaumont, Texas, he has gone to sea as a merchant sailor for 20 of his last 30 summer vacations.

"For me personally, [this ministry is] for the crewmembers who may be [at sea] six to nine months. Our interest in this grew out of a desire to bring the Eucharist and the sacraments of the Church to seafarers — and we could do that by offering service to the cruise lines, having Mass on board for the passengers." Continue reading

Sources

• Article by Elisabeth Deffner, who writes from Orange, California in National Catholic Register
• Image: Catholic Travel Blog